Gum Myrrha grades   没药品种与级别

Myrrh (/mɜːr/) is a natural gum or resin extracted from a number of small, thorny tree species of the genus Commiphora myrrha. Myrrh resin has been used throughout history as a perfume, incense, and medicine. Myrrh mixed with wine can also be ingested.

Commiphora myrrha, called myrrh,  African myrrh, Hargar, Hagar, Hadi, Molmol, herabol myrrh, Somali myrrhor, common myrrh,  or gum myrrh, is a tree in the Burseraceae family. It is one of the primary trees used in the production of myrrh, a resin made from dried tree sap. The tree is native to the Arabian peninsula (Oman, Yemen) and to Africa (Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia, Northeast Kenya).

Commiphora myrrha is very spiny tree and it grows to a height of about 4 m (13 ft). It grows at an altitude of between about 250 to 1,300 m (820 to 4,270 ft) with a yearly mean rainfall of about 23 to 30 cm (9.1 to 11.8 in). It does best in thin soil, primarily in areas with limestone.  Some times it is the only kind of tree survive in the dry and hot desert area.

When the Commiphora myrrha tree's wound penetrates through the bark and into the sapwood, the tree bleeds a resin. Myrrh gum, is such a resin. When people harvest myrrh, they wound the trees repeatedly to bleed them of the gum. Myrrh gum is waxy and coagulates quickly. After the harvest, the gum becomes hard and glossy. The gum is yellowish and may be either clear or opaque. It darkens deeply as it ages, and white streaks emerge.

Myrrh gum is commonly harvested from the species Commiphora myrrha. Another commonly used name, Commiphora molmol, is now considered a synonym of Commiphora myrrha.

The oleo gum resins of a number of other Commiphora species are also used as perfumes, medicines (such as aromatic wound dressings), and incense ingredients. These myrrh-like resins are known as opopanax, balsam, bdellium, guggul bisabol, and Indian myrrh.

Medicine

In pharmacy, myrrh is used as an antiseptic in mouthwashes, gargles, and toothpastes. It is also used in some liniments and healing salves that may be applied to abrasions and other minor skin ailments. Myrrh has been used as an analgesic for toothaches and can be used in liniment for bruises, aches, and sprains.

Myrrh is a common ingredient of tooth powders. Myrrh and borax in tincture can be used as a mouthwash. A compound tincture, or horse tincture, using myrrh is used in veterinary practice for healing wounds.

Myrrh gum is commonly claimed to remedy indigestion, ulcers, colds, cough, asthma, lung congestion, arthritis pain, and cancer.

 

Traditional Chinese medicine

In traditional Chinese medicine, myrrh is classified as bitter and spicy, with a neutral temperature. It is said to have special efficacy on the heart, liver, and spleen meridians as well as "blood-moving" powers to purge stagnant blood from the uterus. It is therefore recommended for rheumatic, arthritic, and circulatory problems, and for amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, menopause, and uterine tumours.

Myrrh's uses are similar to those of frankincense, with which it is often combined in decoctions, liniments, and incense. When used in concert, myrrh is "blood-moving" while frankincense moves the qi, making it more useful for arthritic conditions.

It is combined with such herbs as notoginseng, safflower petals, angelica sinensis, cinnamon, and salvia miltiorrhiza, usually in alcohol, and used both internally and externally.

 Uses:

 Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) is an economically and ecologically important plant species found mainly in the horn of Africa, particularly in Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya and in parts of the Arabian peninsula. The tree yields the aromatic gum or resin known as myrrh. In the Commission E (Blumenthal et al., 2000) myrrh is defined as “a product of several species of Commiphora”. This is however erroneous and misleading as the so called other species yield resins which are chemically quite different and lacking the active principles for which myrrh is so well known for. In fact mixing myrrh with resins from other Commiphora species leads to the perennial problem of adulteration. This problem has been clarified by the works of Dekebo et al., 2002. The characteristic essential oil of myrrh with its unique scent and composition can be obtained only from C. myrrha. Resins of other species may seem similar in appearance to the true myrrh but may be devoid of essential oil and give rise to chemical profiles that may be totally different from myrrh. For instance C. erlangeriana does not yield any essential oil, lacks the characteristic sesquiterpenes of myrrh, contains instead the highly interesting podophylotoxin type lignans (Dekebo et al., 2002), which exhibit cytotoxic and cytostatic activities (Habtemariam, 2003). For a full botanical account of the more than 50 Commiphora species that occur in eastern Africa see Vollesen, 1989.

 

Myrrh was used since several millennia as medicine as well as for ceremonial and religious purposes. In many cultures in Europe, Asia and Africa, myrrh has enjoyed various traditional and industrial uses and applications. A recent study conducted in Saudi Arabia on the prevalence and pattern of use of alternative medicine, based on interviews of 1408 individuals, revealed the most frequently used medicines were honey (40%), black seed (39%) and myrrh (35%) (Al-Faris et al., 2008). This traditional medicinal use of myrrh extends to several countries where it is used for treatments of a wide variety of ailments from embalming to cancer, leprosy, bronchitis, diarrhoea, dysentery, typhoid, mouth ulcers, inflammation, viral hepatitis, female disorders, wounds, coughs, tumour etc. It is also used to some extent in Ayurveda and Unani medicine although more preference is given to the related resin known as guggulu obtained from Commiphora mukul Engl. The Commission E (Blumenthal et al., 2000) approved myrrh for topical treatment of mild inflammations of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa. The British Herbal Pharmacopoeia (1996) indicates myrrh tincture as a mouthwash for gingivitis and ulcers. Myrrh is also an important drug in Chinese Traditional Medicine ((Yen, 1992). In Somalia and Ethiopia decoction of myrrh resin is used to treat stomachache, it is mixed with powdered charcoal to make ink for writing on parchments and burnt in houses and in the bush to chase away snakes (Dekebo, 2002). Modern uses include flavoring foods, drinks and confectionary items, as additive of products for personal use such as perfumes, deodorants, shampoos, bath lotions, toilet soaps, toothpastes, mouth washes, air fresheners etc.

In Christianity: Myrrh is mentioned in the New Testament, together with gold and frankincense, as one of the three gifts that the magi presented to the Christ Child (Matthew 2:11). Myrrh was also present at Jesus' death and burial. Jesus was offered wine and myrrh before the crucifixion (Mark 15:23).

没药，又称作末药、制没药、制末药，萃取自沙漠边缘生长的一种耐旱有刺植物没药树（学名：Commiphora molmol，英语：myrrh），在东方是一种活血、化瘀、止痛、健胃的药材，来自产地古代阿拉伯及东非一带。《北史》中即有记载，说是来自西域漕国。

在西方，没药是一种据说有神奇疗效的药物。希伯来人将没药树枝制作成各种芳香剂、防腐剂和止痛剂。旧约时期，常被做成油膏，涂抹在伤口，促进伤口愈合。

胶质没药为橄榄科（Bureseraceae）植物爱伦堡没药树的树脂。黄白色的油状汁液，干了之后会变成红色没药。

在《圣经》中出现的没药，最著名者为东方三哲带来给初生基督的礼物之一（其余两样是黄金和乳香），象征生命的短暂，因为当时人们普遍习惯将此物用于尸体的防腐。另一种观点认为没药代表死的馨香，表示珍视耶稣受死的宝贵。没药闻起来香，但是吃起来很苦，英文名Myrrh源自于阿拉伯文‘苦’的意思，当用于口服时主要功效是麻醉。所以是没药是古代战备级的香料和药膏，军队出征每人携一小袋没药，受伤后吞服可起到麻醉的作用，碾成粉末敷在伤口可以起到消炎杀菌并帮助愈合伤口。没药也是中国古代的军需药‘诸葛行军散’的主要成分，前几年热播的《那年花好月圆》电视剧也有提及乳香没药血竭等，属于进口名贵药材，具有不可替代的药效。

没药树生长在沙漠边缘、非常干燥的地方，它的英文名字myrrh源自亚拉姆语ܡܪܝܪܐ‎（murr）和阿拉伯文مر‎（mur），就是“苦”的意思。

 

早在三千年前，没药就是古文明国家经常使用的药材，多用它来抑菌或作为妇女清洁净身，而《本草纲目》中也记载它对伤口以及调节妇女生理机能的帮助，所以是中药材中促血液循环与缓和疼痛不可少的药引。

在中医药学中，没药分为天然没药和胶质没药。味辛、苦，性平，归心、肝、脾经，具有散瘀定痛，消肿生肌之功效。治各种瘀血阻滞之痛症，如跌打损伤，症见伤处疼痛，伤筋动骨或麻木酸胀，或内伤瘀血，心腹疼痛，肢臂疼痛等症：没药、乳香、丹参、当归各五钱。上药全研细末，备用，亦可水泛为丸。常用于胸痹心痛，胃脘疼痛，痛经经闭，产后瘀阻，癥瘕腹痛，风湿痹痛，跌打损伤，痈肿疮疡等病症的治疗。